Identification of Unknown Macromolecule

Identification of Unknown MacromoleculeHeike Behr AimThe purpose of this lab was to use the scientific method to identify an unknown quantity solution, based on the reactions (i.e. disguise wobbles) of known solutions with indicator solutions. These known solutions contained different types of macromolecules. Each type of macromolecule reacted with at least sensation indicator solution in a unique way, which allowed us to identify the macromolecule based upon the charge or absence of a falsify flip-flop.The system is that protein go away down a positive reaction with Biuret reagent, changing the color to violet.Starch will have a positive reaction when treated with the one solution, changing the color to blackish-blue.Lipids will show a positive reaction when coming in contact with Sudan trinity, changing the color to red-orange.Vitamin C will lower the color of atomic number 53 when it is positive for presence of ascorbic acid.General BackgroundMacromolecules evict be divided into four classes carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. These molecules argon all considered to be organic molecules, because they comprise of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphate and nitrogen elements. Macromolecules have different make believeing blocks to course carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. These building blocks atomic number 18 amino acids, monosaccharaides, nucleotides, fatty acids and glycerol.The body of water will be used as a envision, to see if in that location argon any false positive reactions during our experiment. The water will also show us what the most natural response is for severally of the indicators. Water will also serve as a great way to compare color compounds, since everything that looks the same as the water will be negative.Proteins are one of the components of macromolecules and are very important in different biological processes. They are catalysts and are capable of transporting and storing molecules throughout the body. Proteins are build up out of several amino acids bound together by peptide bonds. The function of a protein depends primarily on its 3D structure.Common foods that contain proteins are milk, eggs, meat and cheese.Lipids are another invent of macromolecules. These molecules are non-polar molecules and non-soluble in water. Lipids consist of two parts, a glycerol and a fatty acid tail. Lipids have braggy stores of energy that are released when the molecule is oxidized. Lipids come in different types, such as waxes, oils and certain vitamins.Common foods that contain lipids are any oils such as olive oil or grape seed oil and butter.Starch is a carbohydrate that is not found in humans, but in plants. It consists of septuple Glucose molecules bound to each other by Glycosidic bonds.Common foods that contain carbohydrates are potatoes and bread.Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid and is an antioxidant. This vitamin is soluble in water and plays an important role in growth and repair of the bodies tissues.The most common foods that contain Vitamin C are citrus fruit.Focused BackgroundIodine campaign is the most common mental shield for detecting the presence of amylum. If the substance that is being visitationed has starch present, then there will be a flip in the color to a blackish-bluish liquid.The best method for test proteins will be the Biuret test. This test can also determine whether there are peptide bonds in the protein. A positive result for proteins will show a color change from a blue to a light purple. If there are peptide bonds present, the color will be a much sableer purple.If Biuret cant be used, Fehlings Solutions A and B and Sodium hydroxide and copper (II) sulphate solutions can be used.The test that best shows the presence of lipids is the Sudan III test. Sudan III is afat-soluble compound that will cause the color of the solution with lipids present to change to red. An easier test to pre pattern is using a brown paper bag, lipids are fats, gum olibanum on a brown paper bag it will leave unctuous, translucent stains. Another test for testing the presence of lipids is an Emulsion testThe main test for Vitamin C is adding drop for drop the Vitamin C solution to Indophenol solution. If the dark blue color of the Indophenol solution becomes colorless, then the venture solution does indeed contain Vitamin C. In our experiment, we will use the Iodine solution to test for the presence of Vitamin C, because it follows the same principles that Indophenol does.Method canvasing with Iodine solutionClean all your test tubes thoroughly with ethanol and then rinse them with distilled water.Label each test tube as water, protein, starch, lipid, vitamin C and unknown. annex 3ml of each of the macromolecules to the correct test tube, except Vitamin C.Add 2-5 drops of the Iodine solution to each of the test tubes, except Vitamin C.Add 3ml of the Iodine solution to the test tube marked as Vitamin C.Drop wise, add Vitamin C to the test tube until the color changes.Mix the contents well. tonicity any color changes.Testing with Biuret reagentClean all your test tubes thoroughly with ethanol and then rinse them with distilled water.Label each test tube as water, protein, starch, lipid, vitamin C and unknown.Add 3ml of each of the macromolecules to the correct test tube.Add 2-5 drops of the Biuret reagent to each of the test tubes.Mix the contents well.Note any color changes.Testing with Sudan III reagentClean all your test tubes thoroughly with ethanol and then rinse them with distilled water.Label each test tube as water, protein, starch, lipid, vitamin C and unknown.Add 3ml of each of the macromolecules to the correct test tube.Add 2-5 drops of the Sudan III reagent to each test tube.Mix the contents well.Note any color changes.MaterialsApparatus usedTest tubes for containing the solutions.Test tube rack to keep all test tubes organized.Pipet will make the transfer of different liquids easier and the measuring there of.A piece of purity paper will make it easier to determine whether a color change has taken place.Safety goggles to protect your eyes from any harmful reagents.A white lab coat to protect your skin from any harmful reagents.Chemical CompoundsDistilled Water used for rinsing test tubes and making the control solutions ethyl alcohol to clean the test tubesAscorbic Acid (Vitamin C)ProteinGlucoseLipidUnknown substanceIodine solution used for testing starchesSudan III solution used for testing lipidsBiuret bruiser sulfate solution used for testing proteinsFormatTable 1ContentWater was used as the representative to show the natural change that will take place when the different solutions were added.The protein had no different effect than that of the water when Iodine and the Sudan III was added, thus we can assume it to be negative. When it reacted with the Biuret solution, it yielded a different reaction than water did, it change d to a dark purple, resulting in a positive reaction, the hypothesis was correct.Starch showed no different changes than water with the Sudan III and Biuret test, thus we assume it to be negative. While with the Iodine test, it changed color to a dark black-blue color, as indicated by the hypothesis. This color change indicates a positive reaction to iodine, sum that there is starch present in our compound.The suspected lipids solution showed a changed in color when Sudan III was added to it. This solution changed to a red color, thus there were lipids present. The other two tests, Iodine and Biuret tests didnt yield any changes that differed from the results obtained from water. This test proved the hypothesis was correct.When testing for Vitamin C, the iodine solution proved that there was Vitamin C present because it turned the dark blue Iodine solution colorless. The other two tests, Sudan II and Biuret test show no difference from the water control subjects. The results from t his test was as expected from the hypothesis.The Unknown substance only showed a positive response when tested with the Iodine test, leading me to believe that it is some figure of carbohydrate compound and possibly starch. The Sudan III test was negative and so was the Biuret test.Interpretation of resultsProteinThe protein solution reacted with the biuret reagent to show a change in color to a dark purple. This means that there was indeed peptide bonds present in the solution. The Biuret reagent has two KOH (potassium hydroxide) and CuSO (copper sulfate). The solutions pH is raised to an alkaline by the KOH, which is important for CuSO to react. Cu react with nitrogen atoms present in peptide bonds to form a complex. The CuSO solution is usually a blue solution, but when the Cu react with the nitrogen atoms to form the complex, the blue changes to violet, sometimes dark purple color.StarchThe starch reacted with the iodine solution to bring forth a blackish-blue change in color. This color change is attributed to the iodine and iodide ions reacting with each other and bond, forming a triodide ion. The iodine, which is a ligand, fits into the space created by the hundreds and thousands of simple sugar molecules such as Glucose that makes up the structure of starch. The color change to black is associated with the absence of light, since iodine absorbs all the light wavelengths.LipidsThe lipid solution reacted with the Sudan III reagent to change its color to an orange-red solution. Lipids are triglycerides, and have an oily appearance. Sudan III is a dye that is lipid soluble it is also non-polar and will react with hydrocarbon chains in the lipids to form hydrophobic interactions.Vitamin CVitamin C reacted with the iodine solution to fall the blackish-blue color of iodine to form an almost colorless, but milky solution. This is accounted for because when these two solutions react with each other, they are no longer what they started out as. During this re action, these two are mixed together, the ascorbic acid losses its electrons to iodine, meaning that this reaction is a redox reaction. Ascorbic acid will be the one being oxidized while iodine is reduced. Ascorbic acid forms dehydroascorbic acid and iodine forms iodide ions.UnknownThe unknown solution reacted with the iodine indicator to form a blackish-blue solution. The only known solution which reacted with iodine to form a solution of that color was starch. Although these colors dont match up perfectly, they are the closest match.The difference in color between the starch solution and the Unknown solution could be explained by a difference in concentration between the two solutions. This difference in concentration could have resulted if the solutions werent both well shaken, since starch can settle out of solution.Broader implications of resultsBiuret testThis test is used for detecting the presence of proteins in a solution. When there are proteins present, the mixture of our suspected solution and the Biuret reagent will undergo a color change to violet. This indicates the presence of peptide bonds in the protein solution. I did achieve this by proving that our suspected protein solution did indeed contain peptide bonds present in proteins when it changed color to violet.Iodine testIodine can be used to detect the presence of both starch and vitamin C.When testing for starch, a positive test will be indicated by a change in color from colorless starch to a blackish-blue solution after the addition of iodine. Our suspected starch solution did test positive for starch when its color changed to blackish-blue.When testing for the vitamin C, small amounts of vitamin C was added to the iodine solution, this determines whether or not a redox reaction will take place to transfer vitamin C electrons to the iodine. This was proved to be correct when the addition of vitamin C to the iodine eliminated the blackish-blue color of the indicator.Sudan III testSudan II I is a lipid soluble reagent that is used to stain triglycerides. This is used to detect the presence of lipids. Both lipids and Sudan III are non-polar and react with each other to have a hydrophobic interaction, and a color change is present when the suspected solution contains lipids. The change is a red-orange color. Our test showed this when our suspected solution exhibited this change in color to red.ConclusionI can conclude that all the expected results did indeed happen. The protein solution did change color to violet-purple when tested with the Biuret test, resulting in a positive reaction. This was because the Cu reacted with the nitrogen atoms. The starch solution reacted with iodine to bring forth a blackish-blue change in the color, testing positive. This is attributed to the formation of a triodide ion. The lipids did indeed react with the Sudan III to show the positive reaction of color change to red, because of the formation of hydrophobic portion in the solution. Th e vitamin C showed the positive results when added to iodine when it eliminated the dark color associated with iodine. This result is because of the redox reaction that takes place between these two compounds. All of my results prove that my hypothesis were indeed correct. The unknown solution only showed a positive reaction with the starch, thus it can be concluded that its starch or maybe a form of a carbohydrate close to the composition of starch.ReferencesJ.M Berg, J.L Tymoczko, L Stryer. Biochemistry, 5th ed. New York W.H. Freeman 2002Dr Ananya Mandal. What are Lipids?. http//www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-Lipids.aspx (accessed 29 September 2014).R.B Smith, E.C Loucheed, E.W Franklin, I. McMillan. The Starch Test for determine Stage of Maturation in Apples. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 1979 59(3) 725-735.SEP Staff. Testing for Lipids, Proteins and Carbohydrates. http//seplessons.ucsf.edu/node362 (accessed 29 September 2014)Mack, S. How does Biuret ReagentCause a Colo r Change with Proteins?. http//www.madsci.org/posts/achieves/2004-12/1102321490.Gb.r,html (accessed 2 October 2014).

Essay --

tea leaf tree oil was introduced to me in 2009 when I experimented in a series of piercings. A friend at the fourth dimension informed me of the medicinal wonts and how it was effective on scar tissue. as yet the dress in which the oil is extracted from is far more entertaining. Tea Tree (Malaleuca alternifolia) is a plant belonging to the Myrtaceae family, known for their cleansing properties. There are over two hundred recognized species of Myrtaceae which majority is native to Australia. However a few species from the Myrtaceae family occur in Malesia, New Caledonia and as of the mid-1880s M. quinquenervia was introduced, as an invasive species to Florida to assist in drying out swampy lands. The indigenous flock of northeastern New South Wales historically had known about the healing mechanics of their native tea trees for thousands of years. They used them as disinfectants to treat minor cuts and wounds. eventually they progressed in the knowledge of the plants uses and found that by inhaling evaporative oil from the leaves that it alleviated congestion and respiratory tract infections. Figure A. Order Myrtlales, Family Myrtaceae. Characteristic of the myrtle family is its use of distilled essential oils, such as Tea tree oil (Melaleuca oil)Compound BackgroundThe leaves of M. alternifolia are the primary part of the plant that is used. Rarely twigs from the tree is alike used, it hasnt been proven to be anymore or less effective to use the twigs. To create the oil, the leaves are extracted and harvested for a few days leaving the leaves to wilt. basically the leaves are limp through heat and deprived of water. The leaves are then inserted into a boiler with even temperature, distilling the leaves. Eventually both the steam and t... ...uman rights laws protect them. However there is no uniformed legislation that directly protects indigenous medical knowledge.When regarding the plant of interest Malaleuca alternifolia, it is in deed protected bec ause of its indigenous heritage to Australia. Tea tree oil coming from M. alternifolia proves to be the main source for commercial tea tree that is manufactured and shipped around the world. However tea tree oil can be extracted from other plants within the Malaleuca genus. Which unfortunately has left M. viridiflora an endangered species providing more protection to the specific plant. Regarding the current situation presented in Australia, the conditions seem best for protection of their indigenous knowledge and organic compounds. They have many laws to protect themselves from outside thieves and are very developed concerning them as a world status.

Reader Response to A Clean, Well-Lighted Place, By Hemingway :: A Clean Well-Lighted Place Essays

Reader Response to A Clean, Well-Lighted Place   In 1933, Ernest Hemmingway wrote A Clean, Well-Lighted Place. Its a story of two waiters working late one(a) night in a cafe. Their last customer, a lonely old human getting drunk, is their last customer. The younger waiter wishes the customer would leave season the other waiter is indifferent because he isnt in so much of a hurry. I had a definite, differentiated response to this piece of literature because in my occupation I can relate to both cafe workers.   Hemmingways somber tale is about conquering late night loneliness in a bright cafe. The customer drinking brandy suffers from it and so does the older waiter. However, the younger waiter cannot understand loneliness because he probably hasnt been very lonely in his life. He mentions a couple times throughout the story that he wished to be able to go home to his wife, yet the old man and old waiter have no wives to go home to like he does. This story have a deeper me aning to me because I very much am in a similar situation at work.   For a little over three years, Ive been a weekend bartender at an American Legion Club. I close to always work the entire weekends, open to close, which proves to be a tortorous schedule at times. Like the cafe in Hemmingways tale, the Legion is a civilized place, often well lit, and quieter than most clubs. Because members have to either have served in the military during wartime or have a relative that did, the patronage is often older and to a greater extent respectful than an average barroom. And because most members are older, they may not have a family to go home to, or they may be just a little more dismal because their lives have been longer and harder than most. In many ways, they are very much like the old man sipping brandy while hide in the shadows of the leaves in Hemmingways cafe. And in many ways, I am like the young waiter, anxious to leave.   The young waiter seems selfish and inconsid erate of anyone else. In the bloodline of the story, hes confused why the old man tried to kill himself. He has plenty of money, he says, as if thats the only thing anyone needs for happiness. When the old man orders another drink, the younger waiter warns him that hell get drunk, as if to waver his own responsibility rather than to warn the old man for his sake.

Bad Choices Essay -- essays research papers

Bad Choices Choices, everyone goes through them sometimes you make good ones and sometimes you make bad ones. In my character Ive mad a lot of bad choices in my Junior year of High School. Ive learned the hard way about devising bad choices, lying, and being disrespectful to my family. In some ways I think learning the hard way was good for me, otherwise I cleverness not have learned at all. After being in trouble and experiencing the worst of my past high school years, I have impertinent motivation to get everything straight with my life.August 28th was the for the first time day I decided to stay home from school and the start of my long and dread skipping school experience. I had no logical reason for not going to school, I just didnt care at the time and needed a reality check. After the first couple days of not going to school it became a I dont care and One more day wont hurt mentality. I was ditching 2 to 3 days a week in the beginning of the third week of school. On O ctober the first I skipped school once again and surprisingly my mom showed up unexpectedly at home and got a notice from the school about my high-spirited absences at school. My mom was outraged and disappointed. When I got home, choked up embarrassed and feeling so stupid, I had to look into my moms eyes and tell her that I hadnt been going to school and that I had lied to her about my grades and absences. I didnt have a explanation for my mom or a excuse I told her straight out that I had no reason to and that she didn...

Kerouac :: essays research papers

Born on March 12, 1922, the youngest of three children in a French-Canadian family that had established itself in Lowell, Massachusetts, trap Kerouac was by the age of ten already aiming to become a writer. His father ran a print shop and published a local newsletter called the Spotlight. originally long he began writing and producing his own sport sheet, which he sold to friends and acquaintances in Lowell. He attended both Catholic and public schools, and won acrobatic scholarships to the Horace Mann prep school (in New York) and then to Columbia University. In New York he fell in with fellow literary-icons-to-be Allen Ginsberg, the poet, and William S. Burroughs, the novelist. A broken leg hobbled his college football career, and Kerouac quit Columbia in his sophomore year, eventually joining the merchant marine and then Navy (from which he was discharged). Thus began the restless wandering that would characterise both his legacy and his life.To Kerouac, Beat a shorthand term for beatitude and the idea that the downtrodden are saintly was not round politics but about spirituality and art. The thirty published and unpublished books he wrote from 1941 to 1969 include Kerouacs thirteen-volume, more or less autobiographical Legend of Duluoz a study of a particular lifetime, his own, in the manner of Honore de Balzacs Human Comedy or Marcel Pousts Remembrance of Things Past.Kerouac set out to become the quintessential literary myth compelr of postwar America, creating his Legend of Duluoz by spinning poetic tales about his adventures. I promise I shall never give up, and that Ill die yelling and laughing, Kerouac wrote in his diary in 1949. And that until then Ill rush around this world I insist in holy and pull at everyones lapel and make them confess to me and to all. At the time when Norman Mailer was playing sociologist by studying whit Negro hipsters, Kerouac sought to depict his fascinatingly inchoate friend Neal Cassady as the modern-day equivalent of the Wild West legends Jim Bridger, Pecos Bill, and Jesse James. Like the Lowell boy he never quite ceased to be, Kerouac saw football players and range-worn cowboys as the paragons of true America his diaries germinate with references to folk heroes and praise for Zane Greys honest drifters, Herman Melvilles confidence men, and Babe Ruths feats on the diamond and in the barroom. Kerouac brought Cassady into the American mythologic pantheon as the mad Ahab at the wheel, compelling others to join his roaring drive across Walt Whitmans patchwork Promise Land.

Automobiles in the 1950s Essay -- essays papers

Automobiles in the 1950sAnother element that was present in the 1950s was automobiles. Automobiles were something that e rattlingone once dreamed of consumeing. Now after the war. they could finally own one. Automobiles of the 1940s were dull and very plain. This was because designers were too busy designing tanks, planes, etc... for the ongoing war. The major event that took place that changed the way motorcars looked and how they performed happened on October 14, 1947. This was when Chuck Yeager broke the effective barrier. From this point on everyone wanted to go faster. People wanted automobiles with larger displacement engines. They also wanted sleek and aerodynamic cars. This prompted General Motors Corporation to continue Motorama in 1949. This was a giant exposition of concept cars that had an emphasis on power, style, convenience, and features. These for features would be what many cars of the 1950s would be based on.One car that was a design evolution was th e Chevrolet Corvette. The first Corvette was built on June 30th, 1953 at the Flint, Michigan plant and continues to be produced today. In 1953 it featured an all fiberglass body with a chromed grill. The car had no side windows and no outside door handles. Each 1953 Corvette was virtually hand built and all 1953 models were white and had red interiors. This may moderate not been the most technologically advanced car but it would pave the way for the true performance and sports car.Concept cars also played a type in the 1950s. They were designed to attract the publics eye, introduce and gauge the publics reaction to new styling and engineering ideas, help attract the public to the auto dealerships where they were displayed at, and to drive car softheaded kids nuts. The 1955 Lincoln Futura featured a plexiglass bubble top and a 300 horsepower V-8. In the 1960s this car was sold to a car customizer in California and was converted into the first ever Batmobile. The 1958 GM F irebird III was the most radical concept car of the 1950s. It was powered not by the normal combustion engine but by a gas turbine engine. It also featured a dual cockpit design and was controlled by joystick controller instead of the normal steering wheel. Another element that was seen in the 1950s were the tail-fins present on most Cadillacs. The first Cadillac that had the tail fin was introdu... ...1957. It was a very basic satellite and let out beeps every few seconds. This was very surprising to the US. They did not think that the Soviets had the knowledge of anything as complicated as a satellite. As a result of the launch of Sputnik the US began to put greater emphasis on science and engineering in education. They also began to try unembellished hard to develop space technology. Thus the space race had begun.The American Dream of the 1950s involved achieving and expanding upon the success ofprevious generations. This is shown in all of the things mentioned. Ca rs for warning show how much of a success previous generations were at creating machines. In the 50s however people made these cars better and equipped them with newly developed technology. This was the progressive spirit that the 1950s had. People had the spirit to expand to new areas. The introduction of the interstate system allowed for easy expansion and growth. People began to perish away from the norms that the 30s and 40s had set. They began to live the ways that they wanted and they would not let things such as technology restrict them. This is how the 1950s played out the American Dream.

Dropping the Atomic bomb on Japan :: Essays

Dropping the Atomic bomb on Japan Currently, the United States of America is in the aftermath of a military action in which the U.S. used a preemptive strike with a weapon of unmatched technology and power. The United States went after an enemy who had attacked without ensample (the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001) or at least they went after whom they thought had attacked us. By heading into Iraq, the U.S. was attempting to finish what could become a messy, complicated war. The United States has tried this before, lets square off how it worked. On August 6, 1945 the United States haveped an unprecedented atomic bomb on Japan, which effectively ended the second World War. The dropping of the atomic bomb was a momentous event in history. The decision to drop the bomb has been scrutinized as to its necessity and morality, and the question has arisen if the United States had to do it again, would they drop the atomic bomb? The positive government story is that the atomic bomb was the quickest way to end the war and saved millions of lives. Another option says that the United States dropped the bomb in rotund part to threaten the Soviet Union. What caused the United States to build the bomb and why was it that it was deemed necessary? What other means of battle were there, and why were they unable to end the war? Why was the atomic bomb dropped, and if offered the chance to replay history, would it happen again? Even if they knew then what they know now, I believe that the United States would again drop the bomb. Japan is small island country with few natural resources, lacking especially in iron and oil. Starting before World War I, Japan go to ease these limitations by working to acquire new territory. Within a period of 15 years (1894-1909), Japan took over the Pescadores Islands and Formosa, defeated the Russians, and annexed Korea Smurthwaite p.12. These actions forced the occupy of the world to recognize Japan as one of the strong powers in the East. As a result of the Treaty of Versailles (January, 1919), they gained the former German territories in the Mariana, Carolean and Marshall Islands McKay p.